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The Editing Blog: for Editors, Proofreaders and Writers

FOR EDITORS, PROOFREADERS AND WRITERS

When to indent text: Laying out narrative and dialogue in fiction

27/7/2020

23 Comments

 
This post explains when and how to indent your narrative and dialogue according to publishing-industry convention.
To indent or not to indent: A quick guide to laying out narrative and dialogue in fiction
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The purpose of first-line indents
Each new paragraph signifies a change or shift of some sort ... perhaps a new idea, piece of action, thought or speaker, even a moderation or acceleration of pace. Still, the prose in all those paragraphs within a section is connected.

Paragraph indents have two purposes in fiction:

  • Readability: They help the reader identify the shifts visually.
  • Connectivity: They indicate a journey. Indented paragraphs are related to what's come before ... part of the same scene.

First lines in chapters and new sections
Chapters and sections are bigger shifts: perhaps the viewpoint character changes, or there's a shift in timeline or location.

To mark this bigger shift in a novel, it’s conventional not to indent the first line of text in a new chapter or a new section. You might hear editorial folks refer to this non-indented text as full out.

  • This is standard with narrative and dialogue.
  • The convention applies regardless of your line spacing.

NARRATIVE LAYOUT
The following example is taken from Part 5, Chapter 2, of Christopher Priest’s Inverted World (p. 287, 2010):
​
  • Paragraph 1 is the first in the chapter.
  • The first line is not indented.
  • The first lines of the paragraphs that follow it (2) are indented.
Picture
And here's an example from Part 2, Chapter 6, p. 147, which shows how the layout works the same after a section break:
​
  • Paragraph 1 is the first in the section.
  • The first line is not indented.
  • The first lines of the paragraphs that follow it (2) are indented.
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Even if an author chooses to include a design feature such as a dropped capital (sometimes called a drop cap), it's standard for that letter to be full out, as shown in the following example from To Kill a Devil (John A. Connell, p. 6, Nailhead Publishing, 2020):

  • Paragraph 1 is the first in the chapter.
  • The capital letter on the first and second lines is not indented.
  • The first line of the paragraph that follows it (2) is indented.
Picture
DIALOGUE LAYOUT
​The same applies even if the chapter or section starts with dialogue, as in this excerpt from David Rosenfelt's Dog Tags (p. 192, Grand Central, 2010):

  • Paragraph 1 is the first in the chapter.
  • The first line is not indented.
  • The first lines of the paragraphs that follow it (2) are indented.
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Body text: dialogue and narrative
The example below from Blake Crouch's Recursion (p. 4, Macmillan, 2019) shows how the indentation works in the body text when there's a mixture of dialogue and narrative.

  • Regardless of whether the prose is narrative or reported speech, the text is indented.
  • The convention applies regardless of line spacing.
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IMPACT OF LINE SPACING
Even if you've elected to set your book file with double line spacing (perhaps at the request of a publisher, agent or editor), the indentation convention applies. Here's the Recursion example again, tweaked to show what it would look like: 
Picture
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Indenting text that follows special elements
Your novel might include special elements such as letters, texts, reports, lists or newspaper articles. Authors can choose to set off these elements with wider line spacing, but how do we handle the text that comes after?

Again, it's conventional to indent text that follows this content, regardless of whether it's narrative or dialogue. That's because of the connective function; the text is part of the same scene.

​Here are some examples from commercial fiction pulled from my bookshelves.

  1. REPORT: The Outsider, Stephen King, Hodder, 2018, p. 252
  2. LIST: Life of Pi, Yann Martel, Canongate, 2002, p. 146
  3. TRANSCRIPT: Snap, Belinda Bauer, Black Swan, 2018, p. 36
  4. RECORD: Ready Player One, Ernest Cline, Arrow, 2012, p. 300
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It's not the case that full-out text is never used, or can't be used, but fiction readers are used to conventions. When a paragraph isn't indented, they assume it's a new section, which creates a tiny disconnect.

That's what I think's happened in the example below from Kate Hamer's The Girl in the Red Coat (p. 325, Faber & Faber, 2015). Of course, it took me only a split second to work out that the narrator is referring to the preceding letter, but it's a split second that took me away from the story because I'd assumed I was looking at a section break.

​My preference would be to indent 'I touch my finger [...]' because that text is part of the scene, not a new section.
Picture
How to create a first-line indent in Word
Let's finish with some quick guidance on creating first-line indents. 

​
Avoid using spaces and tabs to create indents in Word. Instead, create proper indents. There are several ways to do this.

  • Open the Home tab (1).
  • Select your text.
  • Move your cursor to the ruler and select the top marker (2).
  • Drag it to the position of your preferred indent.
  • Right-click on the style in the ribbon (3).
  • Select 'Update Normal to Match Selection'.​
OR​
  • Open the Home tab (1).
  • Open the Styles pane via the arrow icon (4).
  • Select your text.
  • Move your cursor to the ruler and select the top marker (2).
  • Drag it to the position of your preferred indent.
  • Go to the Styles pane (5) and right-click on the style (6).
  • Select 'Update Normal to Match Selection'.​ ​
Picture
OR
  • Open the Home tab (1).
  • Open the Styles pane via the arrow icon (4).
  • Go to the Styles pane (5) and right-click on the style (6).
  • Select 'Modify' to open the Modify Styles pane (A).
  • Click on the Format button in the bottom left-hand corner (B).
  • Select Paragraph to open the Paragraph pane (C).
  • Make sure you're in the Indents and Spacing tab.
  • Look at the Indentations section in the middle. Make sure 'First line' is selected under 'Special:' (D).
  • Adjust the first-line indent according to your preference (E).
  • Click OK (F).
Picture
Create a new style for your full-out paragraphs using the same tools.
​
  • If using the ruler, ensure the markers (2) are aligned, one on top of the other.
  • If using the styles pane, adjust the indent spacing (E) to zero.

If you need more assistance with creating styles, watch this free webinar. There's no sign-up; just click on the button and dig in.
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Louise Harnby is a line editor, copyeditor and proofreader who specializes in working with crime, mystery, suspense and thriller writers.

She is an Advanced Professional Member of the Chartered Institute of Editing and Proofreading (CIEP), a member of ACES, a Partner Member of The Alliance of Independent Authors (ALLi), and co-hosts The Editing Podcast.

Visit her business website at Louise Harnby | Fiction Editor & Proofreader, say hello on Twitter at @LouiseHarnby, connect via Facebook and LinkedIn, and check out her books and courses.
23 Comments
Neetu R.
27/7/2020 07:57:47 am

This is so useful. Thank you so much.

Reply
Louise Harnby
27/7/2020 01:19:34 pm

You're welcome, Neetu!

Reply
Cathy Cade link
7/8/2020 05:56:39 pm

As a former librarian I insisted our writing group's self-published anthologies (that I was formatting) conformed to traditional convention (title page and reverse, fiction indents, section separators with blank reverse and all chapters on a new page...) but I see so many indie published books that don't , not to mention self-published paperbacks and e-books, that I wonder how long this will be the norm. It does identify the indies from the traditional publishers, which seems a shame, since the content can be comparable.

Reply
Louise Harnby
7/8/2020 06:24:36 pm

Hi, Cathy. I think it often depends where the budget's going. Not all indies invest in a pro interior designer; they do it themselves. And if they don't know the conventions, they'll not bother. Good design should improve reader experience so I do think it's worth attending to the basics. Your group's lucky to have you!

Reply
Vivienne link
7/8/2020 10:27:08 pm

This is most helpful. I was not aware of the convention of no indentation for the beginning of a chapter and change of scene, time etc.
Thank you.

Reply
Louise Harnby
7/8/2020 11:07:50 pm

Glad it helped, Vivienne!

Reply
Jessica Plancich
6/11/2020 06:20:06 pm

This is so clearly written and informative. It was a huge help to me. Thank you!

Reply
Danielle Sensier
27/3/2021 10:32:18 am

Can you advise whether or not to indent at the start of a new section (not a new chapter) when the first line of the section is a line of dialogue. At present I am choosing not to indent in keeping with the new section format but is this correct? Thank you.

Reply
Louise Harnby
27/3/2021 02:46:20 pm

Hi, Danielle. See the post above - the section on dialogue layout:
"​The same applies even if the chapter *or section* starts with dialogue."

Your current choice is therefore what I'd recommend.

HTH.

Reply
Danielle Sensier
27/3/2021 05:31:48 pm

Thank you very much - this is most helpful. Just shows I should have read your advice more carefully in the first place!

Yash Narang
3/5/2021 10:58:13 am

I am confused whether I should indent the first line of a new page or not?

Reply
Louise Harnby
5/5/2021 10:58:34 am

If a new chapter or section falls on a new page = no indent.
If it's just a new paragraph that falls on a new page = indent.

Hope that helps!

Reply
Chip
27/5/2021 11:45:29 pm

Great article! I'd like to know if the same rule should be in non fiction where it is mostly narrative? Or is it better to have no indentions at all. I'm designing a book interior for a non fiction, still a story, and I went with no indention but I'm wondering if I should indent it after all.

Reply
Louise Harnby
28/5/2021 11:14:38 am

That's a style choice, Chip.

You could have no indents but separate each paragraph with a space:

Xxxxxxx, xxxxx
xxxx xxxxxx xxxx
xxx.

Xxxxxxx, xxxxx
xxxx xxxxxx xxxx
xxx.

That's quite common in non-fic.

If, however, the text is formatted so that the paragraphs run on, it's common to go down the route I've outlined above.

Reply
Edward
21/9/2022 12:20:32 am

Hi Louise

The very first lines of my prologue are:

She could hardly hear herself laugh and who could blame her?

She could hardly hear her own childish thoughts and who could blame her?

For Saturday it was, it truly was etc etc

Now, do I full out the first line and indent the second “She could . . “? I tried this and it just looks untidy on the page, to my eyes anyway. “For Saturday etc” Is the start of a new para so will be indented but those first two lines are giving me a headache. I’d appreciate help here and thank you in advance!

Reply
Louise Harnby
21/9/2022 10:37:22 am

Yes, I would push the first line full out, and indent the second. Pull down some fiction off your shelf and have a look at how mainstream publishers do it.

Reply
Edward
22/9/2022 12:07:43 am

I will take your advice. Thank you again Louise!

Maddy Newman link
29/10/2022 11:49:24 pm

Hi Louise,
What a great article, so clearly written and solved my dilemna with indenting.
Just joined the mailing list and will have a good look around your site, as no doubt other questions I have will be answered too!
Cheers,
Maddy Newman

Reply
Rebecca Etzler
16/1/2023 10:16:49 pm

So helpful. I couldn't find the part about not indenting dialogue in the first line anywhere. Thank you for the thorough breakdown and examples.

Reply
Louise Harnby
16/1/2023 10:35:49 pm

Hi, Rebecca. Look at the subheading DIALOGUE LAYOUT. It's immediatley below.

Reply
Yannic
21/3/2023 03:54:01 pm

Hey Louise,

thank you very much for this article, It helped me a lot, especially since I'm translating my German novel into English right now.
There is still one open question for me and I really hope you can help me with it:

Here is an example/ little excerpt of my novel, which I already translated but kept the German Formatting.
I am asking myself if the colon can stay like this ( Then she said: ) or do I have to replace it with a comma ( Then she said, ) and begin with the dialogue in the next line.
_____________________________________________________________

After my mother echoed Michael's exact words, she looked at me with a fixed gaze for several seconds. Then she said:
“Do you understand now, Jimmy, why I opened my eyes so wide just now?”
“Yes... I feel as if he is here right now, Mother. I know him, but I don‘t know from
where...”
“But now I really want to ask you, were you aware of his words, Jimmy?”

____________________________________________________

I really hope that you can help me with this little question - it would help me A LOT! :)

Greetings from Germany
Yannic

Reply
Sophia
11/2/2024 01:00:33 pm

Hello, Yannic

I saw that your question hasn't received an answer yet, so I thought to help out.

I believe placing 'Then she said' on the same line as the dialogue might read better.

Then she said, "Do you understand now, Jimmy, why I opened my eyes so wide just now?"

Dialogue tags can come before or after a dialogue, and in your case, it comes before. The comma makes it flow better.


I hope this helps.

Reply
Sarah
2/6/2023 12:58:16 am

So helpful thanks! As a first time author I was quite confused about indenting and quickly searching the Internet your blog came up. Very clear and helpful thanks for posting.

Reply



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